Graphing Logarithmic Functions

One way to graph logarithmic functions is to first graph its inverse exponential. Then use your knowledge about the symmetry of inverses to graph the logarithm. Recall that inverses are symmetric about the line y = x. For example,

Step 1: Find some points on the exponential f(x). The more points we plot the better the graph will look.

Step 2: Switch the x and y values to obtain points on the inverse.

Step 3: Determine the asymptote.

In practice, we use a combination of techniques to graph logarithms. We can use our knowledge of transformations, techniques for finding intercepts, and symmetry to find as many points as we can to make these graphs. General guidelines follow:

1. Graph the vertical asymptote. All logarithmic functions of the form

have a vertical asymptote at x = h.

2. Find the x- and y-intercepts if they exist. To find x-intercepts set y = f(x) to zero and to find y-intercepts set x = 0.

3. Plot a few more points and graph it.

Graph the following logarithmic functions. State the domain and range.

In the previous solved problem, make a note of the rigid transformations. If we start with the basic graph y = log(x) then the first translation is a shift to the left 3 units y = log(x+3). Next we see a vertical shift up 2 units y = log(x+3)+2 .